Reference

VIII. NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDICINE

 

PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS

IX. THE NEW SCIENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

 

BRAIN AND MIND

X. THE NEW SCIENCE OF ORIENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY

 

HOW THE "RIDDLE OF THE SPHINX" WAS READ

A History of Science, IV - Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences

 

by Henry Smith Williams

I. THE PHLOGISTON THEORY IN CHEMISTRY

 

The development of the science of chemistry from the "science" of alchemy is a striking example of the complete revolution in the attitude of observers in the field of science. As has been pointed out in a preceding chapter, the alchemist, having a preconceived idea of how things should be, made all his experiments to prove his preconceived theory; while the chemist reverses this attitude of mind and bases his conceptions on the results of his laboratory experiments. In short, chemistry is what alchemy never could be, an inductive science.

II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN CHEMISTRY

 

THE "PNEUMATIC" CHEMISTS

III. CHEMISTRY SINCE THE TIME OF DALTON

 

JOHN DALTON AND THE ATOMIC THEORY

IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

 

ALBRECHT VON HALLER

An epoch in physiology was made in the eighteenth century by the genius and efforts of Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777), of Berne, who is perhaps as worthy of the title "The Great" as any philosopher who has been so christened by his contemporaries since the time of Hippocrates. Celebrated as a physician, he was proficient in various fields, being equally famed in his own time as poet, botanist, and statesman, and dividing his attention between art and science.

V. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

 

CUVIER AND THE CORRELATION OF PARTS

VI. THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION

 

GOETHE AND THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PARTS

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